IP 87-2 Inexact sciences: Professional education and the development of expertise.
Abstract
This paper reviews literature on the education of teachers, lawyers, engineers, and other professionals. The author identifies four kinds of expertise which professional educators try to foster: technical skills, knowledge of general principles, the ability to engage in critical analysis, and the ability to engage in deliberate action. The meanings and implications of these kinds of expertise for practice are examined, and current methods of fostering expertise are delineated.